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Tuesday 29 October 2013
Tuesday 22 October 2013
Monday 21 October 2013
Tuesday 12 March 2013
CODES FOR COLOGY AND COGNOSY DRUGS
1)Kreb cycle
Can an intelligent officer kiran succesfully solve
foreign mafia operation
citrate-aconitase-isocitrate-oxalosuccinate-
ketoglutarate(alpha k.g.)-succinate-fumarate-malate-oxaloacetate
20ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
My
True love is through valentine love phrases Methionine,threonine,leucine,isoleucine,tryptophan,valine,lysine,phenylalanine
3)BUSULFAN FEATURES ABCDEF:
Alkylating agent, Bone marrow suppression ,CML
indication ,Dark skin
(hyperpigmentation) Endrocrine
insufficiency (adrenal), Fibrosis
(pulmonary)
4)DRUGS CAUSING TORSADES DE POINTES (APACHE)
Amiodarone Procainamide Arsenium Cisapride Haloperidol Eritromycin
5)MORPHINE:SIDE-effects
(MORPHINEJ
Myosis, Out of it (sedation), Respiratory
depression, Pneumonia (aspiration) ,Hypotension Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention) ,Nausea ,Emesis
6)ASPIRIN SIDE EFFECTS (ASPIRIN)
Asthma Salicyalism Peptic ulcer
disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/
Premature closure of PDA Intestinal blood loss, Reye's syndrome Idiosyncracy
Noise (tinnitus)
6)SSRIS: SIDE EFFECTS SSRI:
Serotonin
syndrome , Stimulate CNS , Reproductive disfunctions in male, Insomnia
7)INHALATION ANESTHETICS (SHINE):
Sevoflurane
, Halothane, Isoflurane, Nitrous
oxide, Enflurane.
8) TERATOGENIC DRUGS
9"Win TERATOgenic
Warfarin, Thalidomide,
Epileptic drugs: (phenytoin,
valproate, carbamazepine, Retinoid , ACE inhibitor Third
element: lithium OCP and other hormones (eg danazol)
9)GYNAECOMASTIA-CAUSING DRUGS DISCOS:
Digoxin,
Isoniazid Spironolactone, Cimetidine,
Oestrogens, Stilboestrol
10)METHYLDOPA SIDE EFFECTS (METHYLDOPA):
Mental
retardation, Electrolyte imbalance, Tolerance, Headache/ Hepatotoxicity, psYcological
upset Lactation in female, Dry mouth, Oedema, Parkinsonism, Anaemia (haemolytic)
11)ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS (disease modifying): members 9CHAMP):
Cyclophosphamide,
Hydroxycloroquine and
choloroquinine, Auranofin and other
gold compounds Methotrexate, Penicillamine,
12)ANTIARRHYTHMICS:
class III members BIAS:
Bretylium
,Ibutilide, Amiodarone, Sotalol
13)PHENYTOIN: ADVERSE EFFECTS (PHENYTOIN):
P-450 interactions, Hirsutism, Enlarged gums, Nystagmus,
Yellow-browning of skin, Teratogenicity Osteomalacia ,Interference
with B12 metabolism (hence anemia), Neuropathies:
9vertigo, ataxia,) and headache
14)SODIUM VALPROATE SIDE EFFCCTS;(VALPROATE)
Vomiting,
Alopecia, Liver toxicity, Pancreatitis/
Pancytopenia ,Retention of fats
(weight gain) Oedema (peripheral
oedema) ,Appetite increase, Tremor ,Enzyme inducer (liver)
15)STEROIDS: SIDE EFFECTS (BECLOMETHASONE):
Buffalo
hump, Easy bruising, Cataracts, Larger appetite, Obesity,
Moonface ,Euphoria, Thin arms
& legs, Hypertension/
Hyperglycaemia, Avascular necrosis
of femoral head, Skin thinning, Osteoporosis ,Negative nitrogen balance, Emotional
liability
Vomiting: extra GI differential 9VOMITING):
Vestibular
disturbance/ Vagal (reflex pain), Opiates,
Migrane/ Metabolic (DKA,
gastroparesis, hypercalcemia), Infections,
Toxicity (cytotoxic, digitalis
toxicity), Increased ICP, Ingested alcohol Neurogenic, psychogenic, Gestation
16)HMG-COA: • SIDE EFFECTS: (HMGCoA)
Hepatotoxicity,
Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis],Contraindications,
Girl during pregnancy/ Growing
children • Interactions:, Coumarin/
Cyclosporine,
17)AMIODARONE: ACTION, SIDE EFFECTS (6 P'S):
Prolongs
action, potential duration, Photosensitivity, Pigmentation of skin, Peripheral
neuropathy Pulmonary alveolitis and
fibrosis, Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited ->
hypothyroidism
18)MAOIS: INDICATIONS( MAOI'S):
Melancholic
[classic name for atypical depression], Anxiety
,Obesity disorders [anorexia,
bulemia] Imagined illnesses
[hypochondria], Social phobias (_
Listed in decreasing order of importance. _ Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc).
19)ANTIPARKINSON DRUGS( SALAD)
Selegiline, Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine), L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase
inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide), Amantadine,
Dopamine postsynaptic receptor
agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)
20)METABOLISM ENZYME INDUCERS
Randy's
Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":
Rifampin,
Barbiturates, Carbamazepine, Grisoefulvin,
Phenytoin, Phenobarbitone, Smoking
cigarettes
21) ZERO ORDER KINETIC DRUGS (PEAZ)
Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin, Zero order _ Someone that pees out
22)THERAPEUTIC INDEX FORMULA (TILE) → TI
= LD / ED
23)PREANASTHETIC MEDICATION (HOSANA this is a christian word.)
H-H2blockers,
O-opeoids ,S-sedatives,-antianxiety A-anticholenergic, N-neuroleptics,
A-antiemetics 24)ANTI EPELEPTIC
DRUGS (Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.)
D...deoxy
barbiturates, B...barbiturates, H....hydantoin, A.. aliphatic carb acids, I....iminostilbenes
S....succinimides, B....BZD's N.... newer drugs, P....Phenyltriazines,
C... cyclic gaba analogues
25)ADVERSE EFFECTS OF TETRACYCLINS-(KAPIL DEV)
K kidney toxicity, A antianabolic effect, P phototoxicity, I inc ICP, L liver
toxicity, D diabetes insipidus, E enamel problems, V vestibular toxicity
26)ADRS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL (smart boys in
girls hostel)
S.....superinfections, B.... bone marrow depression ,I....irritative effects ,G.....Gray baby syndrome H...hypersensitivity
27)INHALATIONAL CORTICOSTEROIDS (Bed Bug Flew To Florida)
B-BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE ,.B-BUDESONIDE,
F-FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE
, -TTRIAMCINALONE, F-FLUNISOLIDE
27)CAPTOPRIL SIDE EFFECTS ( CAPTOPRIL)
Cough,
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis, Proteinuria/ Potassium excess ,Taste
changes, Orthostatic hypotension, Pregnancy contraindication/
Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension), Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash, Indomethacin inhibition Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
29)LITHIUM: SIDE EFFECTS (LITH):
Leukocytosis
, Insipidus [diabetes insipidus,
tied to polyuria], Tremor/
Teratogenesis Hypothyroidism .
30)CA++ CHENNEL BLOCKER USES
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF, Hypertension ,Angina,
Suprventricular , tachyarrhythmia, Migranes
31)MI: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (PULSE):
Persistent
chest pains ,Upset stomach, Lightheadedness, Shortness of breath, Excessive
sweating 32)MI: BASIC MANAGEMENT (BOOMAR):
Bed
rest, Oxygen, Opiate, Monitor, Anticoagulate, Reduce clot size
33)LVF MANAGEMENT (FOAM)
Frusemide
40mg iv, Oxygen, Atrovent
(& Ventolin) nebs, Morphine 2.5
- 5 mg ,Mitral Stenosis,
34)TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE: (ABCDE)
ACE inhibitors, Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Diuretics, Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors
35)LINES OF TREATMENT OF PULMONARY OEDEMA: (DOLMA)
Digoxin, Oxygen, Lasix, Morfine, Aminophylline. (Dolma is a very famous food in the middle east
PHARMACOLOGY-GPAT/NIPER
1.Grey Baby Syndrome-
Chloramphenicol
2.Pin Point Pupil-Morphine
3Reyes Syndrome- Asprin
4.Urine Coloration- Rifampcin
5.Frontal Headache-
Indomethacin
6.Captopril-Persistant dry
cough
7.Bleomycin-Pulmonary fibrosis
8.Vancomycin- Red man syndrome
9.Nicotinic acid- Flush
10.Steven Johnsons syndrome-
Allopurinol
sulphonamides-kernicterus
aminoglycosides-ototoxicity
discolouration of
teeth-tetracyclines
doxorubucin & duanorubucin-
cardiomyopathy.
chloroquine- cardiotixicity
doxycycline- esophageal
ulceration
vincristin & vinblastin- neuropathy
cyclophosphamide- alopecia
cimetidine &
spironolactone- gynaecomastia
EFFECTS OF DRUGS DURING
PREGNANCY ON FOETUS
antiepileptics-neuraltube
defect
warfarin-cleft palate
thalidomide-phocomalia
alcohol-cranial bone formation
impairment
ANTIDOTES
benzodiazepine-flumazenil
paracetamol-N-acetylcysteine
Morphine-naloxone
nitrites-methylene blue
organophosphurus
compd.-DAM,PAM,Atropin
Atropine-Physostigmine
lead-BAL
cyanide-edetate+amyl nitrite
MOA of some common drugs
1.Nalidixic Acid-Prevent DNA sysnthesis
2.Dapsone-Folic acid sysntheses inhibitor 3.Vinca
alkaloid-Mitotic Spindle formation prevention
4.anthracycline-Intercalation of DNA 5.Methotraxate-
Folic acid reductase inhibitor.
6.Warfarin-Vit k antagonist 7.Zidovudine-
Inhibits the enzyme reverse tranascriptase ,preventing DNA replication
8.Metronidazole- disruption of helical structure of DNA 9.Tetracycline-
Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 30 S unit of ribosome 10.Erythromycin- Inhibits
Protein smyntheses by acting on 50 S unit of ribosome 11.Chloroquine- Binds and alters
properties of microbial and fungal DNA 12.Diazepam-
GABA facilitator
13.Acetazolamide- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 14.Allopurinol-
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor,inhibitor of uric acid
15.Fluconalzole- P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase Inhibitor 16.Salbutamol-Beta 2 receptor
agonist
17.Tolnaftate- Inhibit squalene epoxidase which is necessray for
ergosteral syns of fungal cell wall 18.Griesofulvin-inhibits fungal cell wall
activity
19.Chloramphenicol-Inhibition of Protein syntheses
20.Levodopa- Replenish Brain deleted dopamine
PHARMACOGNOSY-GPAT
1.Baljet test- Cardiac glycosides
2.Born Trager test- Anthraquinone glycosides 3.Modified
Born Trager test
4.Borex test- Aloes 5.Boudouin's
test- Seasame oil
6.Bardfoed's test-
Carbohydrates
7.Biuret test- Proteins
8.Curaploin's
test- Aloes
9.Murexide test- Purines/xanthines 10.Carr
price test- Vitamin A
11.Fiehe's test- Artificial ibvert sugar as adultrant in honey
12.Foam test- Saponin
13.Grignard reaction- Cyanogenetic glycosides
14.Gold beater skin test- Tannins
15.Hal
phen's test- Cotton seed oil as adultrant
16.Haemolysis test- Saponins
17.Klung's
test- Aloes
18.Keller killianin test- Desocy sugar in digitalis
19.Keris test- Rancidity of fats and oil
20.Legal test- Cardiac
Glycosides
21.Lieberman burchard test- steroids
22.Ergotoxin Test-
Ergot
23.Barford test- Carbohydrates
24.Molisch
Test- Carbohydrates
25.Dragondroff's Test- Alkaloids 26.Mayer
Test- Alkaloids
27.Wagner's Test- Alkaloids
28.Vitali Morin's Test- Alkaloids
29.Van
Urk's Test- Ergot
30.Millon's Test- Protein
1.Selivanoff's
Test- Kenotic Carbohydrates
2.Kedde's Test-Cardiac glycosides
3.Raymond
Test-Cardiac glycosides
4.Froth formation test- Saponin glycosides
5.Salkowski
Test-Triterpenoids
DRUGS
& SYNONYMS
1.Bavchi-Psoralea
2.Indian Tobacco-Lobelia
3.Kalmegh-Andrographis
4.Wild
Saffron-colchicum
5.Devil's Dung-Asafoetia 6.Calabar
Bean-Physostigma
7.Ma Huang- Ephedra
8.Rattle Snake root-Senega
9Chinese
Cassia- Cinnamon
10.Panama Wood-Quillaria Bark 11.American
wormseed-Chenopodium
12.Bishop's Flower-Visnaga
13.Fox
Glove-Digitalis
14.Scammony
Root-Ipomea
15.Betel Nut-Areca Nut
16.Bitter
Apple-Colocynth
17.Vidang-Gurmar 18.Our
Lady's Thistle-Catharanthus
19.Flaxseed-Linseed
20.Hippo-Ipecac
21.Indian
Squill-Urgenia
22.Chaulmooggra Oil-Hydnocarpus
23.American
Podophyllum-May apple
24.Salad Oil-Olive Oil
25.Bitter Wood-Quassia
The
following are mucilagenous in nature..
1)leaf epidermis of senna 2)seed
epidermis of linseed
3)seed endodermis of fenugreek
4)bark
of cinnamon
5)algae of agar 6)mesophyll
of squill
PHARMACOGNOSY-GPAT
1-Liquorice- Ulignified Septate
fibre
2-Solanacoeus Plants-
Anisocytic stomata
3-Rhubarb- Star spots
4-Squill- Ca oxide raphides
5-Cardamom- Clothing of
glandular trichome
6-Quillaria- Thin membrane
arillus
7-Digitalis- Rhytidomes &
Glandular Trichomes
8-Atropa Belladona- Anisocytic
Stomata
9-Verbascus Thapsus- Clusters
of Ca Oxalate
10-Artemisia- T-Shaped
Trichomes
11-Stromanium- Phloem Fibres
12-Nuxvomica – Lignified
trichomes
13-Fennel- Reticulate lignified
trichomes
14-Coriander- Wavy sclerenchyma
15-Indian Dill- Lateral ridges
with vascular bundle
16-Anise- Branched &
unbranched vittae
17-Cinnamon- Absence of cork
& cortex
18-Ginger- Non Lignified
vessels & starch grains , Endodermis with no starch
19-Collapsed Endodermis
20-Caraway-Collapsed Parenchyma
21-Chenopodium-Epidermis with
no trichomes
22-Chirata- Stomata on lower
surface only with no trichomes
23-Cinchona - Large
sclerenchymatous bast cells with Medullary ray.
24-Cinnamon- Parenchyma cells
with starch.
25-Colchicum- Spiral Ducts,
Parenchyma with starch
26- Coriander- Prismatic and aggregate
crystals of calcium oxalate
27-Saffron- Trichome of stigma
28-Turmeric-
Parenchyma with pasty starch
29-Digitalis- Glandular trichomes
30-Euclyptus- Crystal bearing fiber
31-Gentian-
Large reticulate ducts
32-Liquorice- Parenchyma with crystals and starch
33-Hycyamus- Endosperm tissue with proteid granules and oil.
34-Ipecac-
Parenchyma with raphides
35-Mentha- Trichomes, simple, showing cuticular markings (a medium sized trichome).
36-Pilocarpus- Aggregate crystals of calcium
oxalate. 37-Podophyllum-
Reticulate ducts and tracheids, Spiral duct, Aggregate crystals of calcium
oxalate, Cork 38-Quassia-
Medullary ray with starch, Large porous duct 39-Rheum-
Parenchyma with starch, resin and crystals, Reticulate ducts. 40-Senega-
Parenchyma with fat, Cork & Porous duct
41-Senna- Bast of vascular bundles, Crystal
bearing fibers from vascular tissue 42-Stromanium- Parenchyma cells of petiole 43-Strophanthus-
Endosperm tissue, showing oil and crystals, Outer tissue with granular proteid
matter and starch 44-Tobbaco- Parenchyma (collenchymatous) from midrib,Leaf
parenchyma with chlorophyll. 45-Ginger-
Parenchyma with starch and one cell with resin
46-Belladona- Tracheids and spiral duct, Leaf
parenchyma cells with crystals,Bast Cells, Porous ducts &Crystal Sand Stomatal
Index- Leafy drugs
1.Type of Stomata
Anomocytic- Ranunculaceae
Paracytic- Rubiaceae
Anisocyclic-
Cruciferae
Diacyclic-Caryophyllaceae 2.Total
Ash Value- Eucalyptus Oil
3.Iodine
Value- F.O. having more unstaturated fatty acid
4.FibreLength- Bark 5.Cineole
Factor- Eucalyptus 6.Swelling Index- Isphagula
MULTICELLULAR MEDULLARY
RAYS ARE SEEN IN??
2 .candelebra trichomes are
found in?? 3.pungency
of ginger,pepper,capsicum are due to presence of? 4.name
one bicyclic monoterpene? 5.use
of dioscorea??
1-Dictoxylon
2-Verbascum
3-Ginger-Phenolic
ketone of oleoresin
4-Camphene
5-precursor for
synthesis of steroids,orla contraceptives & treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis
emetin+opium=dovers powder
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS-GPAT
Abortion, miscarriage or
uterine hemorrhage associated with Misoprostal (Cytotec), a labor-inducing drug
(this is a case where the adverse effect has been used legally and illegally
for performing abortions)
Addiction to many sedatives and analgesics such as diazepam, morphine, etc.
Birth defects associated with Thalidomide and Accutane.
Bleeding of the intestine associated with aspirin therapy
Cardiovascular disease associated with COX-2 inhibitors (i.e. Vioxx)
Deafness and kidney failure associated with gentamicin (an antibiotic)
Death, following sedation in children using propofol (Diprivan)
Dementia associated with heart bypass surgery
Depression or hepatic injury caused by interferon
Diabetes caused by atypical antipsychotic medications (neuroleptic psychiatric
drugs)
Diarrhea caused by the use of orlistat (Xenical)
Erectile dysfunction associated with many drugs, such as antidepressants
Fever associated with vaccination (in the past, imperfectly manufactured
vaccines, such as BCG and poliomyelitis, have caused the very disease they
intended to fight).
Glaucoma associated with corticosteroid-based eye drops
Hair loss and anemia may be caused by chemotherapy against cancer, leukemia,
etc.
Headache following spinal anesthesia
Hypertension in ephedrine
users, which prompted FDA to remove the status of dietary supplement of ephedra extracts
Insomnia caused by stimulants, Ritalin, Adderall, etc.
Lactic acidosis associated with the use of stavudine (Zerit, for
anti-HIV therapy) or metformin (for diabetes)
Liver damage from paracetamol
Melasma and thrombosis associated with use of
estrogen-containing hormonal contraception such as the combined oral
contraceptive pill
Irreversible Peripheral neuropathy associated with the use of
fluoroquinolone medications
Rhabdomyolysis associated with statins (anti-cholesterol drugs)
Seizures caused by
withdrawal from benzodiazepine
Drowsiness or increase in appetite due to antihistamine use.
Some antihistamines are used in sleep aids explicitly because they cause
drowsiness.
Stroke or heart attack associated with sildenafil (Viagra) when
used with nitroglycerine
Suicide, increased tendency associated to the use of fluoxetine
and other SSRI antidepressants
Tardive dyskinesia associated with long-term use of
metoclopramide and many antipsychotic medications
Spontaneous Tendon
rupture associated with fluoroquinolone drugs [20] even occurring as late as 6
months after treatment had been terminated
FEW IMPORTANT PHYTOCHEMICAL
TESTS
Alkaloids → ( Dr. Praveeen Amrin HMT Watch )
Dragondroff test
Procalonic acid test
Ammonia Rinker Test
Hager’s test
Mayor’s Test
Tannic acid test
Wagner’s test
Carbohydrates → (BOMBS)
Barfoed’s Test
Osazone Formation test
Molisch Test
Benedict Test
Salvinoff Test
Proteins
→
(HHH) (a wrestler) MCBX (type of magnet)
Heat test
Hydrolysis test
Hopkins-Cole
Millon’s Test
Cystine Test
Biuret test
Xanthoproteic test
Cardiac Glycosides
→ (Bengal
like kolkatta knight riders )
Baljet test
Legal test
Killer killani test
Kedde’s
test
Raymond’s test
Tannins
→ (Very Good Female PG College Classes)
Vanillin HCL Test
Gelatin
test
Ferric chloride test Phenazone
test
Gold-beaters
test
Catechin test Chloroacetic
acid test
Anthraquinone Glycosides →
(BUMP)
Borntrager’s
tests
UV Test
Modified
Borntrager’s Test
Potassium hydroxide test
Amino acids
→ (EVM has new polling
strategies, still few says X- manual Voting was Correct) Ehrlich
reaction
Van Slyke
Millon reaction
Hopkins-Cole
reaction
Ninhydrin
Test
Pauly’s Test Sagakuchi
Test
Sulfur
Test
Folin Coicalteau’s Test
Sullivan reaction
Xanthoproteic
reaction
Cystine Test
ANTI DOTES
benzodiazepine-flumazenil
paracetamol-N-acetylcysteine
Morphine-naloxone
nitrites-methylene blue
organophosphurus
compd.-DAM,PAM,Atropine
Atropine-Physostigmine lead-BAL cyanide-edetate+amyl nitrite (DAM- diacyl monooxime
PAM-pyridine-2-aloxime BAL-british anti lewisite )
Antibiotics containing
1
aminoacid-cycloserine,chloramphenicol
2
aminoacids-cephalosporins,penicillins
sugar-erythromycin
polycyclic units-neomycin
pentylene tetrazole-brainstem
stimulant
nikethamid-respiratory
stimulant
strychnine-spinal stimulant
Urine
Color Changes
Orange-
Rifampcin,Phenozopyridine,Doxorubicin,Warfarin
Blue-Amitryptalline,Indomethacin
Red/Brown-Food Dyes...
Pink-Beet Root
Golden Yellow-Excess of
laxatives
Neon Yellow- Excess of vitamin
supplements
some of ADR'S
sulphonamides-kernicterus
aminoglycosides-ototoxicity
discolouration of
teeth-tetracyclines
transplants that DO NOT require
immunosuppression-
Cornea C
Uterus U
Testis T
Brain Beclamethasone
Thymus Treatment
these organs lack lymphatic
channels.... hence no chance of antigens reaching sec. lymphoid organs for
rejection.
Wiskott- Aldrich Syndrome
(WAS) - triad-
W-Weeping skin lesions- eczema
A- Absent platelets-
thrombocytopenia
S- Severe immunodef. of B and T
cells
Endotoxin features →(ENDOTOXIN:)
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil
chemotaxis
Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms →
(ToRCHeS):
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster
(varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with
Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV to H's, Enteroviruses.
Gram+: bacterial cell wall
· Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.
Gram Positives Stain Purple
(violet-blue)
because of their thick
Peptidoglycan layer
Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
culture identification →("Rough, Tough, Buff"):
Rough: colony isn't smooth but
rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well,
and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a
cream/coffee shade
Vaccines: types → (STARK):
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant , &
Killed [inactivated]
All type II reactions are related with organ specific autoimmune diseases
like..
Multiple Sclerosis
Myesthenia Gravis
Chronic Thyroiditis
Graves disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Pernicious Anemia
ITP
Guillian Barre Syndrome
and all type III reactions are related to systemic autoimmune diseases
like
RA
SLE
Good pastures syndrome
the concept used in Indirect
flurescent Antibody (IFA)test, ELISA and Western blot...... are all the same...
that they all need a known Ag +
pts serum with AB against the Ag + Antihuman gama
Globulin.....with specific
labels
IFA= Test ag+ pts serum+ anti-
human gama globulin labeled with fluoresent dye
ELISA= test ag( P24 ag) + pts
serum+ anti-Human gama globulin labeled with an enzyme
western Blot= test ag ( GP120,
GP 41, P24) + Pts serum+ anti-human gama globulin labeled with an enzyme
Antipseudomonal antibiotics
how to kill pseudomonas
1-tie it up (ticacillin)
2-hit it with a pipe
(pipercillin)
3-(i think this one is right)
run over it with a car carbenicillin.
We made up a lot of these for
micro and pharm
"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily
caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses
1 x 8 and 2 x 4
MHC classI is associated with
CD8 T cell
MHC classII is associated with
CD4 T cell
1 x 4 and 2 x 2
Type1 IDDM is hypersensitivity
type4
Type2 NIDDM is hypersensity
type2 (noncytotoxic)
Toxins that increase ‘cAMP:’
CHOLERA
ANTHRAX
M=E.coli labile toxin
PERTUSSIS
antibiotics c/I in pregnancy →(SAFETY )
S - SULPHONAMIDES
A – AMINOGLYCOSIDES
F - FQs
E - ERYTHROMYCIN ESTOLATE
T - TETRACYCLIN
Y - clindamYcin
antihelmenthic ;
DIFFICULT - DISCHLORPHEN
QUESTION - QUINACRINE
NOT - NICLOSAMIDE
ANSWERED - ASPIDIUM
drugs causing pul fibrosis
→(BBC MAN):
B-BLEOMYCIN, B-BUSULPHAN, C-CYCLOPHOSPHOMIDE, M-METHOTREXATE, A-AMIODARONE, N-NITROFURANTOIN
drug causing erectile dysfunction
.
→(STOP erection)
S-SSRI (FLUOXETINE)
T-THIORIDAZONE
O-methldOpa
P-PROPRANALOL
HYPERTHYROIDISM
. signs and symptoms of hyper ‘THYROIDISM ‘
Tremor
Heart rate up
yawning(fatigued)
Restlessness
oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhea
Irritability
Sweating
Muscle wasting/weight loss
NNRTI (non nucleotide revers
transcriptase inhibitors)
.
→(END)
E- efavirenz
N- nevirapine
D- delavirdine
NSAID classification
nonselective COX inhibitors →(OF(H)SP(PP)In (cricket))
O-Oxicam
F-fenamates
H-heterocyclic ary acet acid
S-salicylate
P-propionic acid der
P-para amino phenol
P-pyrazolone
In-indole
VIRAL LIVE VACCINES →(MY
MR VIP)
M-Mumps
Y-YellowFever
M-Measles
R-Rubella
V-V aricella
I-Influenza, & P-Pox
Wolf Parkinson''s White Syndrome
Type A = QRS Above Baseline
Type B = QRS Below Baseline
TOXINS ACTING BY INHIBITING
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
→("Dont text Synthesisetext Proteins" )
D(ont)- DIPTHERIA TOXIN
S(ynthesise)-SHIGA TOXIN
P(roteins)-PSEUDOMONAS TOXIN
ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING
→(DUMBLES)
D=diaphoresis
U=urination
M=meiosis
B=bowl motility(incresed)
L=Lacrimation
E=emesis
S=salivation
non polar amino acids
.
→(PROf.V M PATIL) for
proline,
Valine, Methionine,
Phenylalanine, Alanine, Tryptophan,Isoleucin, Leucin
Notes for GPAT entrance exam:
. Aliskiren is a renin
inhibitor
. Penicillin amidase engyme
convert penicillin into 6-APA in alkaline conditions but in acidic condition it
is used to sythesise penicillin from 6-APA.
. read chapter
Bioinformatics and computational biology in HARPER mainly about BLAST.
.Preclinical testing- animal
testing is done during preclinical testing.
. Clinical trials- done after preclinical testingdone after
pical testing
Phase 0: microdosing is
directly given to patient without any preclinical testing.
Phase 1: done on 20-50
healthy volunteers for estimation of safety and tolerability of drug.
Phase 2: also called controlled
clinical trials. Done on upto 1000 population of patients for estimation of
effectiveness (efficacy) of drug.
Phase 3: also called expanded controlled or
uncontrolled clinical trials. Done on upto 3000 to 10000 popullation of
patients. They bring about additional information about effectiveness and
safety.
Phase 4:
evaluate the post marketing survivelence of drug
Drug development process steps-
-Target
identification and characterization ( target means any enzyme,protein or
receptor)
- Synthesis
of lead molecules
- screening
of lead molecules
-Preclinical
tesing
-Clinical
trials
.on an
average any new drug molecule take about 12 to 15 years to reach the patients
and the cost of us$ 400 to 650 million.
-Read birch reduction reaction
Animal models:
.Rotarod apparatus: used to determine muscle relaxant
property of any drug in mice(eg Diazepam)
.catalepsy:
it is a condition cherecterised by loss of consciousness with rigidity of
muscles that keep limbs in fixed condition( haloperidol is used to induce
catalepsy during animal experimentations)
.PA2 value: defined as negative logarithm of molar
concentration of antagonist which will reduce effect of agonist to 50% of its
maximm value.
SDS-PAGE(
Sodium dodecyl sulphate-poly acryl amide gel electrophoresis): this technique
is widely used to separate proteins according to their size or electrophoretic
mobility . samples having identical charge/mass ratio.
GHOST peak in
chromatography: peak arises due to impurities. . read polymerase chain reaction
. Alziemer disease: B amyloid and tou protein level
increased in brain
. Pakisonism: sinuclein and perkin protrin level
increased in brain
RT-PCR:
laboratory technique for amplifying a defined piece of a ribonucleic acid(RNA)
molecule. The RNA strand is first reverse transcripted in its complimentary
DNA, followed by amplification of the resulting DNA using PCR.
. Read hybridoma technology
Biostatistics:
. Correlation: it determines the association between
two or more variables and concerned with measuring the strength of relationship
between variables
. Regression : it is helpful in assernating the
probable form of the relationship between variables. It describe the dependence
of a variable on an independent variable
. ANOVA: it is most powerful statistical tool. It is
general method of analyzing data from desined experiments whose objective is to
compare two or more group means
. t-test: it is a special case of anova in which only
two means are compared. For applying t- test population varience must be
unknown and sample size should be small(less than 30)
. level of significance(alpha): it is the probability
of rejecting true null hypothesis
. z-test: applied when population varience is known
and sample size is large
. Type first error: commited when a true null
hypothesis is rejected
. Type second error: commited when a false null
hypoyhesis is not rejected
. mean: we already know
. mode: the mode is a set of values is that value
which occurs most frequently
.median: it devides the set into two equal
parts(middle value) when all values have been arranged in order of magnitude
. standard variation: it is a measure of dispersion.
When it increases variability increases
. in case of normal distribution mean mode median are
all equal
. standard error of mean: it measures the precision of
the mean. Smaller the SEM, the more precise is mean
. read about proteomics and genomics
ANALGESICS
Opioid
receptors
are a group of G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands.[1][2][3] The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin. The opioid
receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Opiate
receptors are distributed widely in the brain, and are found
in the spinal
cord
and digestive tract.
|
Receptor
|
Subtypes
|
||
|
delta (δ)
DOP OP1 (I) |
δ1, δ2
|
|
|
|
kappa (κ)
KOP OP2 (I) |
κ1, κ2, κ3
|
||
|
mu (μ)
MOP OP3 (I) |
μ1, μ2, μ3
|
|
μ1:
μ2:
μ3:
|
|
Nociceptin receptor
NOP OP4 |
ORL1
|
|
Opium alkaloids
Esters
of morphine
- Diacetylmorphine (morphine diacetate; heroin)
- Nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate)
- Dipropanoylmorphine (morphine dipropionate)
- Diacetyldihydromorphine
- Acetylpropionylmorphine
- Desomorphine
- Methyldesorphine
- Dibenzoylmorphine
Ethers
of morphine
Semi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives
Synthetic opioids
Anilidopiperidines
Diphenylpropylamine derivatives
- Propoxyphene
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextromoramide
- Bezitramide
- Piritramide
- Methadone
- Dipipanone
- Levomethadyl Acetate (LAAM)
- Difenoxin
- Diphenoxylate
- Loperamide (used for diarrhoea, does not cross the blood–brain barrier)
Benzomorphan
derivatives
- Dezocine - agonist/antagonist
- Pentazocine - agonist/antagonist
- Phenazocine
Oripavine
derivatives
- Buprenorphine - partial agonist
- Dihydroetorphine
- Etorphine
Morphinan
derivatives
- Butorphanol - agonist/antagonist
- Nalbuphine - agonist/antagonist
- Levorphanol
- Levomethorphan
Others
ANS RECEPTORS
|
Target
|
||
|
M2:
decreases
|
||
|
M2: decreases
|
||
|
M2: decreases
|
||
|
at AV node
|
||
|
---
|
|
Target
|
||
|
vascular
smooth muscle in general
|
||
|
---
|
||
|
larger coronary arteries
|
---
|
|
|
smaller coronary arteries
|
β2:dilates[9]
|
---
|
|
α: constricts
|
---
|
|
|
α: constricts
|
---
|
|
|
---
|
||
|
M3: dilates
|
||
|
α: constricts
|
M3: dilates
|
|
|
β2: dilates
|
---
|
|
|
β2: dilates
|
---
|
|
|
---
|
Other
|
Target
|
||
|
α2: aggregates
|
---
|
|
|
β2: inhibits
|
---
|
|
Target
|
||
The bronchioles have no sympathetic
innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[5]
|
Target
|
||
|
-
|
||
|
β2: relaxes
(causes long-range focus) |
M3: contracts
(causes short-range focus) |
|
Target
|
||
|
salivary glands: secretions
|
M3: stimulates watery
secretions
|
|
|
lacrimal glands (tears)
|
β: stimulates protein secretion[13]
|
---
|
|
---
|
||
|
---
|
||
|
---
|
||
|
adipose
cells
|
---
|
|
|
no effect[5]
|
M3: secretes
|
|
Target
|
||
|
---
|
|
Target
|
||
|
Target
|
||
|
---
|
||
|
M3: erection
|
|
Target
|
||
|
sweat gland
secretions
|
---
|
|
|
α1: stimulates
|
---
|
ADRENERGIC DRUGS
1)Based on receptors
|
Class of receptor
|
Agonist
|
Antagonist
|
|
NON
SELECTIVE
|
|
|
|
indirecting acting
|
Einpephrin,,Amphetamine
Tyramine
,Cocain
|
|
|
Direct acting
|
Nor ephinephrine
Isophrenaline
Dopamine
Epphrhineine
|
Bucindolol
Corvedilol
Medroxylol
Labetelol
|
|
Class of receptor
|
Agonist
|
Antagonist
|
|
α-RECEPTOR
|
|
|
|
Non selective-α
|
Tetrahydrazoline
Oxymetazoline
xylometazoline
|
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Tolazoline
|
|
selective-α1
|
Phenylephrine
mephenteramine
Methoxamine
Metaraminol
|
Prazosine
Rauwolscisine
Indoramine
Doxazocine
Alfuzocine
Terazocine,
tampuzocin
|
|
selective-α2
|
Clonidine
Moxonidine
Guanabenze
Guanafacine
α-Methyldopa
|
Yohimbine
Tolazoline,idazoxan,efaraxan
|
|
Class of receptor
|
Agonist
|
Antagonist
|
|
β-RECEPTOR
|
|
|
|
Non-selective
|
Isoproterinol
|
,Oxprenolol Propranolol
Nadolol,pindolol,Timolol
sotalolPentobutalol,
Cartelol
|
|
Selective- β1
|
Xanoterol,
dobutamine,
isoprenaline,
Prenolteral.
|
Atenolol,metaprolol
Acebutalol,practolol
Betaxolol,Esmolol,Celiprolol,
Nebivolol,Bisoprolol
|
|
Selective- β2
|
ritodrine Metaproterinol
Fenoterol,bitolterol
Formterol,pirbuterol
Salmeterol,salbutamol
|
Butoxalol
|
|
Selective- β3
|
BRL37344
|
|
2)Based
on MOA
i)Directly
acting;
ex;Dopamine, Nor-adrenaline,
Adrenaline→endogenous catacol amins
Isoprenaline, Dobutamine,Dopaxamine,
Fenaldopam→exogenous catacol amins
ii) In
directly acting (uptake-I blockers)
ez; Cocain,
Tricyclic antidipressants, Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, Modafinil
iii)mixed acting;
ex;
Ephedrine, Pseudo ephedrine.
3)Based
on use
i)Agents
to rise B.P in shok;
Ex; Dopamine, Nor-adrenaline , Ephedrine , Phenylephrine
, mephenteramine, Methoxamine , Metaraminol
ii)
Branchodilators
Ex; Salmeterol,Formterol,→long acting
salbutamol, terbutaline→short acting
iii)Cardiac stimulants →(DADI)
ex; Dopamine, Adrenaline, Dobutamine,Isoprenaline,
iv) CNS stimulants
ex; , Modafinil, Amphetamine,Dextro
amphetamine,
v) Local vaso constrictors
ex; adrenaline
vi)Nasal decongest
ex; Oxymetazoline , Xylometazoline, Naphazoline,Phynylephrine,
Phenyl propanolamine.
vii) For
allergic Rxn. (anaphylactic shok)
ex;ephineprin
viii) anorectics
ex; Dextro amphetamine, seibutramine,
phenteramine
ix)Uterine relaxants
ex; Salmeterol,
Terbutaline,
Isoxasprin, Retordine
4) Based on
pharmacological difference
i) Agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity → (cAMP)
ex; Celiprolol, Acebutalol, Mepindolol, Pindolol
ii) Agents with membrane stabiliging
activity
ex; Acebutalol, Butaxalol, propranalol,pindolol
iii)
β-blockers with anti oxidant activity
ex; Carvedilol, Nebivolol
5) Based on therapeutic use
i)
Agents for cardiac arrhythmiasis
ex; Sotalol, Esmolol
ii) agents with CHF
ex;
Bisoprolol, carvedilol,
metaprolol, nebivolol →sustained released drugs.
iii) Agents for glaucoma
ex; timolol,
pindolol, bufaxalol.
iv) migrant prophylaxis
ex: Propranalol, Timolol,
6)Based on genaration
i) 1st genaration
ex; Propranolol, Pindolol , Sotalol, Timolol, Nadalol, pentobutalol
ii) 2nd generation ( β2
selective)
ex: Atenalol, Acebutalol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metaprolol
iii) 3rd genarayion( with addition of α-blocking & vasodulatory property)
ex: Nebivolol, Carvedilol, Celiprolol, Labetilol
PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS
1)Directli acting agents
i) alkaloids;
ex: Muscarin, Aracholine,
Pylocarpine
ii)Ach.esters;
ex: methocholine, Ach,
carbacol.
2) revesible acting agents
Ex: Physostigmine,
Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Endrostigmine,
(Rivastigmine, Donepezil
→alzeimars drugs)
3) Irreversible acting
agents
Ex: Carbaryl, Probaryl,
Parathion, Malathion, Ecothiopate &
Nerve gases →soman, sarin,
tabun
Choline esters
Susceptibility to Muscarnine
action Nicotinic action
Choline esters
Ach.chloride ++++ +++ +++
Metha choline + +++ none
Chloride
Bethanacol neglible ++ none
Chloride
Carbacol neglible ++ +++
chloride
ANTI CHOLINE ESTERASE BASED ON CHEMICALS
Drugs Uses apropriate D.O.A
1)Alcohals :
Edrophonium
-- myastheniagravis, ileus -----------5-15 minutes
Arrhythmia
2)Carbamates &
related agents:
Neostigmine -- myastheniagravis, ileus --------0.5-2hr
Pyridostigmine -- myastheniagravis -------------3-6hr
Ambeninium --
myastheniagravis ---------------4-8hr
Physostigmine, --
Gluacoma
--------------------0.5-2hr
Demecarium
--- Gluacoma -----------------4-6hr
3) Oragano phaspates:
Ecothiopate ---
Gluacoma
---------------------100hr
PARASYMPATHOLYTICS
1)Natural alkaloids:
Ex
aspirine , Hyocin (scopalamine→
used in motion sickness & available in trans dermal patches )
2) Semi synthetic
derivatives:
Ex Homatropine , Ipratropium bromide,
Oxybutynin, Cyclopentolate,
Tropicamide, Dicyclomine, Pirenzepine, Glycopyrrolate
3)Sythetic derivatives:
i) Mydriatics:
ex Tropicamide, Cyclopentanoline
ii) Anti secratory anti
spasmodic;
a)30
amines; Pirenzepine, Dicyclomine
b) Quarenary compounds:
propantheline, Oxyphenonium, Isopropamide, Glycopyrolate,
3) vasoselective parasympathomimetic
EX:Oxybutynin, Tolterodine,Flavoxate.
4) Antiparkinson drugs;
Ex: Trihexyphenytyl(Benhexol),Procyclidine,
Biperidine.
NMJ .BLOCKERS
1)Centrally acting agents
Ex: Diazepam, Methocarbamol,
Chlorzoxazone, Baclofen, Gabapentine.
2) Periperally acting agents
i)drugs
acting on NMJ:
a)Depolarising
ex:
Decomethonium, succinyl choline.
b) Non-depolarising blockers (competitive blockers):
·
Short acting:
Ex: Mevacurium
·
Long acting:
Ex: d-Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, Doxorubicine
·
Intermediate acting;
Ex; Vecurarium,
Atracurium, Rocuronium
Others
Ex; Botulinum
Dandroline: Directly acting
smooth muscle relaxant
d-Tubocurarine: 1st
discovered drug in pharmacology
Pancuronium: synthetic agent which does not release
histamine & posses vagolytic
action so cause tachycardia.
Atracurium: Undergoes
spantaneus degradation in plasma. ( half man elimination
---No-metabolism)
Mivacurium: Rapidly inactivated by
plasma choline esterase which cause
histamine release.
Best of luck to All My friends…………….
“A doctor can give life to patients with medicine...
‘‘But’’
A life
to the medicine is given by pharmacist……’’
If there are any mistakes..please forgive…….Me
& correct It……
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